Characteristics of Okwonko in Things Fall Apart

This exposition means to uncover the importance of Okwonko, the focal character in Chinua Achebe’s, Things Fall Apart. It uncovered the qualities of Okwonko, the town saint by how he relates with his family, companions and network. Likewise, it follows his adoration for his locale, energy for war and brutality. At long last, it shows his misery when his locale acknowledges the British.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Characteristics of Okwonko in Things Fall Apart explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his most acclaimed book, Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe delineates Okwonko as a legend. The story is set in pioneer Africa under the standard of British colonialists in Nigeria. Okwonko is man who has confidence in African qualities and customs, yet he has a major sense of self. He treats his mates and family (Nwoye) presumptuously and despicably. Okwonko figures he ought to be the pioneer of his locale. He likewise feels Africans ought not copy white man’s conventions and customs. Furthermore, Okwonko thinks ladies should be captives to men as uncovered in the manner he treats them brutally. When at long last his locale grasps the methods of the white man, Okwonko ends it all to show his sadness. In carrying on along these lines, Okwonko is demonstrating his masculinity in a general public that doesn't regard ladies. He additionally calls his mates ‘women’. It uncovers that he is a pretentious man who doesn't esteem his companions. Okwonko is additionally fixated on war and brutality. This is uncovered the manner in which he picks squabbles with his companions and difficulties them for a battle. He additionally thrashes his spouses and kids (Nwoye) at whatever point they have fouled up. Then again, Okwonko is a network safeguard. This is by adhering to the African traditions and customs. At long last, in murdering himself, Okwonko uncovers the hopelessness that immersed most networks when the colo nialists prevailing with regards to ruining the psyches of Africans. Okwonko portrays numerous African attributes in his conduct. To start with, his enthusiastic safeguard of his locale uncovers Africans had their own particular manners of living. They had their techniques for tutoring and diversions as town duels where Okwonko turned into a saint by beating his opponent. Second, the manner in which he treats his spouses without regard and respectability show Africans who looked downward on ladies. Their jobs were just to cook and sire kids. Third, by rewarding his companions egotistically, Okwonko shows a network that had faith in masculinity. A man needed to rise up to be checked. Finally, on ending his own life, he turns into the voice of miserable Africans who hated the colonialists. By and large, Okwonko is an image of uncolonised Africa.Advertising Looking for exposition on writing dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Okwonko does all these to make an African point. To begin with, when he menaces his spouses and children in the estate, he uncovers to the white man that, in Africa, a man is the leader of the family. Second, when he calls his mates ‘women’ and challenges them for war, Okwonko demonstrates to his locale courage and quality is the embodiment of a town warrior. Okwonko is prepared to guard his locale no matter what. Third, his contempt for British colonizers and reverence for African qualities for example their own administration, training and diversions, the town legend affirms to the white man the predominance of Africa. At long last, in ending it all, Okwonko exhibits to his locale a horrendous misery of tolerating the British qualities and customs. All in all, Chinua Achebe targets uncovering Africa that had it types of instruction, administration and stimulations before happening to the British. Through Okwonko, the author uncovers the town battles, the family customs and the difficulties of Africa. Chivalry of Okwonko is the boldness of Africa during the pioneer time frame. What's more, his pulverization is the sadness and misery Africa felt under British colonization. This exposition on Characteristics of Okwonko in Things Fall Apart was composed and presented by client Houston Hendricks to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Common Law and Legislation Stated

Question: Talk about the Common Law and Legislation Stated. Answer: Presentation: In Australia, both customary law and enactment expressed the privileges of patients for getting the medicinal services from specialists, emergency clinics and different foundations that are giving social insurance. There are three kinds of rights which are given to the patients: Persistent has option to get clinical treatment with sensible consideration and expertise from the medicinal services supplier. Quiet has option to choose whether he need to experience for the clinical treatment or not in the wake of getting the data identified with clinical treatment and hazard associated with that treatment. Option to keep the data classified that is identified with clinical treatment[1]. In this paper we talk about the exactness of the explanation that is utilizing the law to effectively access clinical treatment is restricted and regularly liable to be useless, and furthermore any law identified with clinical treatment expressed by customary law or human right commission in Australia. Medicinal services in Australia: In Australia, there are number of people groups who get advantage from the arrangement of clinical treatment, and it is the privilege of the patients to get clinical treatment. It is the obligation and commitment of clinical professionals to guarantee that privileges of patients are maintained. There are huge quantities of individuals who get influenced as a result of nonattendance of clinical treatment. As indicated by the report of world wellbeing association Australia has the most elevated mistake identified with clinical treatment on the planet, and following information is introduced in the report: In Australia, right around 18000 individuals kick the bucket on account of the clinical carelessness. Right around 50000 individuals endured clinical injury which is lasting in nature due to the clinical carelessness in Australia. Because of prescription mistakes right around 80000 individuals get hospitalized annually[2]. Anyway it is essential to realize that not all the clinical mistakes are careless, and understanding can't sue for pay since result of his treatment was bad. A clinical blunder is considered as clinical carelessness just when medicinal services expert is neglected to take sensible consideration. We can comprehend this with the assistance of case law that is Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957]. For this situation, Mr. Bolam sued Friern Hospital council for pay for not giving the data identified with treatment and being insignificant. This case sets out the standard that is known as the Bolam test to decide the best possible gauges of sensible consideration in carelessness cases identified with gifted experts. This standard expressed that on the off chance that specialist arrives at the standard of capable assemblage of clinical sentiment, at that point he isn't careless for the situation. Precedent-based law in Australia give numerous laws identified with privileges of patients, for example, Consent to Medical Treatment and Palliative Care Act 1995, privileges of individuals with mental insufficiency is directed by Guardianship and Administration Act 1993. Then again, legislature of Australia likewise gave Australian Charter of Health Care Rights. This contract is given by the commission in 2007-2008. The advancement of this contract was finished with care and in the wake of counseling the privileges of patients identified with social insurance administrations. This sanction is presented by the clergymen of wellbeing as the Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights in July 2008, and it is utilized the nation over. This sanction is material in all the general population and private clinics of Australia, general practice led in Australia, and other network situations. The primary reason for this contract is to make the normal comprehension of the privileges of individuals identified with get social insurance to the patients and their families, buyers, carers and administration providers[3]. Following are the rights accessible to patients in Australia: Option to get fundamental medicinal services Service and Medicare-as per the human right commission in Australia, Medicare associations are obliged to give free and sponsored social insurance to a patient, and this medicinal services incorporates treatment gave by experts, dental specialists, and united wellbeing professionals in some particular circumstances. These offices are accessible just for those individuals who dwell for all time in Australia, residents of Australia and New Zealand, holders of changeless visa, and in certain circumstances individuals who applied for lasting living arrangement visas. It is the general obligation of clinics to give clinical treatment to the patient who is under crisis ailment. Privileges identified with Medicare likewise remembers free treatment and convenience for open emergency clinic as an open patient, and auxiliary in medications through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Specialists reserve no option to decline the treatment of patients based on any inappropriate explanation and they can't separate their patients based on sex, race, cast and on some other invalid explanation. This standard is distinguished for the situation Court in Roberts v. Galen of Virginia, Inc., 525 U.S. 249, 119 S. Ct. 685, 142 L. Ed. 2d 648 (1999)[4]. For this situation, Jane Roberts who is gatekeeper of Johnson recorded this suit under 1395 dd(d) of EMTALA and expressed that respondent damage 1395 dd(d) of EMTALA. Court held in this that offended party was neglected to show that choice of emergency clinic to approve the exchange was brought about by any ill-advised intention, for example, race, sex, and cast. Patients who are getting to their privilege can't pick specialist and emergency clinic, yet patients secured under private protection can pick their own primary care physician, specialist or medical clinic. Medicare additionally gives private emergency clinic appropriations now and again. It must be noticed that individuals who are qualified to get clinical treatment in Australia is likewise qualified to get clinical medicines in the nation where Australia has human services understanding. By and by Australia has concurrence with right around eleven nations, for example, UK, New Zealand, Ireland, the Netherlands, Italy, Malta, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Belgium, and Slovenia[5]. There are a few circumstances wherein medicinal services supplier reject to give costly or test treatment. The Australian Human Rights Commission (the Commission) assumes significant job in securing and advancing the clinical privileges of their resident. The Commission encircled numerous approaches identified with clinical treatment, and give following rights to their residents: Simple access to essential medicinal services administrations and clinical treatment to the residents. Give concessions on prescriptions and different costs brought about on wellbeing. Installments made to patients to help them in meeting their treatment costs. Give office of private medical coverage. Preventive consideration. Specialists own obligation of care towards their patients, and this is obligation claimed by clinical professional towards their patients for taking sensible consideration. There are a few cases which clarify it well, for example, Strempel v Wood [2005] WASCA 163 [28][6], for this situation McLure JA expressed that on the off chance that patient compensation expenses to the specialist and talk with him, at that point specialist own obligation of care towards tolerant. Educated assent it is important for the wellbeing supplier that he gives all data to the patient identified with his clinical treatment and hazard associated with the treatment before giving that treatment to the patient. In the event that patient consent to the treatment, at that point it is called agree to treatment. As indicated by this prerequisite it is the obligation of human services supplier that he gives all related data to the patient with the goal that patient can take educated decision[7]. This privilege is maintained by the Supreme Court of NSW and the Supreme Court of Western Australia in two cases that is Hunter New England Area Health Service v. A [2009] NSW SC 761[8] , this case features the clashing interest identified with right of self assurance of able grown-up. As such it decide the privilege of capable grown-up to control the ones own body, and furthermore enthusiasm of the state in ensuring the lives and wellbeing of residents. Second case is Brightwater Care Group (Inc) v. Rossiter [2009] WASC229[9] in which Supreme Court of Western Australia underpins the choice of first case. Customary law of Australia express that all the grown-ups who are equipped can acknowledge or reject the treatment, and whenever educated assent regarding understanding is absent then it might bring about legitimate ramifications for specialist or clinical expert. Educated assent implies assent given by understanding in the wake of getting all the data identified with treatment and furthermore cautioning for the hazard associated with treatment. We can comprehend this with the assistance of case law Rogers v Whitaker (1992) 175 CLR 479[10]. For this situation, the principle issue was whether specialists are neglected to inform and give cautioning with respect to the hazard associated with activity to the patient. The following case was recorded following 20 years that was Sidaway v Governors of Bethlehem Royal Hospital [1985] AC 871[11]. For this situation, specialist delegated by emergency clinic works the spinal section of offended party and he neglected to caution the offended party about the hazard related with activity that was harm to her spinal string. After the activity the spinal rope of offended party was harmed. Court applied Bollam rule for this situation. Precedent-based law additionally expressed that in certain circumstances individual can't give educated assent or assent isn't required, for example, if there should arise an occurrence of crisis. Anyway there are exemption in the event of youngsters in which High Court held that guardians has option to approve the treatment. The standard identified with competency of minor assent is created by the English House of Lords choice in Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112[12], and this standard is affirmed by the High Court in Department of Health and Community Services v JWB and SMB (Marions case) (1992) 175 CLR 218[13]. In Australia, there is enactment which allows the clinical treatment to youngster without the assent of guardians, for example, blood transfusion is permitted without the assent of the guardians if life of the kid was in harm's way. Segment 20A of the Children (Care and Protection) Act 1987 (NSW) can be unders

Essay Topics That You Can Use

Essay Topics That You Can UseWhen you are writing an essay, whether it is your first or your tenth, you will want to learn as much as you can about writing topics. There are thousands of different topics that you can use. This article will give you some great tips on the different topics that you can use to write an essay.First, you will want to learn about how to use essay samples. Essay samples are just a set of questions and answers. You will go over the questions and then answer them. There are many different topics to choose from when learning how to use essay samples.For example, you can choose one that is about a subject that you have an interest in. Some subjects that are popular topics include history, politics, or current events. Another thing that you will want to learn about is if you can write about a past event that happened in your life.Another topic you will want to know about is a topic that has a history behind it. For example, in writing about the Civil War, one of the things that has been covered is slavery. Even though this has been covered in previous essays, it will still be relevant to the topics that you write about. If you do not know much about it, you can still learn more about it.One more important topic that you should learn about is art. Art is such a broad topic. It does not matter what kind of art you write about, just as long as you write about it. It does not matter if you are writing about a painting, a poem, or something else.Art was one of the first topics that were written about because it is something that was used by every person in the world. Of course, it was popular as long as there was the written word in the world. So if you want to learn about a specific type of art, it would be a good idea to learn more about it.Learning how to use essay samples will help you become a better writer. It will also help you when you are trying to decide what kind of topic to write about. When you have a list of topics, you will be ab le to narrow it down so that you will be able to choose the topic that you want to write about. For example, if you know that your next essay should be about school, you will have a little bit more time to work on your essay.When you are going through the different topics, you will find that some are easier to write about than others. The reason that they are easier to write about is because of the things that have already been covered. Some of the topics that you write about might seem like they have no real history behind them, but once you learn about them, you will find that the topics that you have chosen are interesting and actually relevant to the kind of essay that you are writing.

Impact of Government Policies and Laws on Family Life...

Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere, assess sociological views of the impact of government policies and laws on family life (24 marks) Social policies are laws made by the state to bring a change to society. As stated in item 2B different political policies have different ideologies and agendas that they will try and reinforce through the family. One example of a social policy is The Family Act Law in 1996 which is a part of John Majors ‘Back to Basics Campaign’ and this introduced a one year waiting period before a couple could file for divorce. It was implemented to encourage and reinforce the nuclear family and give couples a chance to work on their relationships and not choose the easy way out. This policy was to favour New†¦show more content†¦This policy contrasts with the government policy in Romania in the 1980s where the former communist government attempted to increase the birth rate by putting restrictions on contraception and abortion, setting up fertility centres, making divorce more difficult to obtain and forcing childless couples to pay an extra 5% income tax. This was set up to increase the population and therefore increase the size families in Romania. In China, there was a one child policy to reduce population size and discouraged couples from having more than one child. According to A drian Wilson (1985) the policy is supervised by workplace family planning committees, women must seek permission to try and become to try to become pregnant, and there is a waiting list and a quota for each factory. Couples who comply with the policy get extra benefits such as free health care and higher tax allowances, An only child will also get priority in education and housing in later life. Couples who break the agreement must repay their allowances and pay a fine. Women are also faced the pressure to undergo sterilization after their first child. This encourages people to have one child and therefore affects family life by controlling family size through this policy. Another social policy is Working Family Tax Credit introduced by labour government and improves the conditions of the underclass. It is a state benefit made to families that work and have low income. It was implemented to provide a system ofShow MoreRelatedUsing Material from Item 2b and Elsewhere, Assess Sociological Views of the Impact of Government Policies and Laws on Family Life (24 Marks)1117 Words   |  5 PagesItem 2B Government policies and laws include tax and benefit policies as well as legislation such as that relating to divorce and marriage. Sociologists have different views on the impact of these policies and laws on families. For example, feminists argue that social policies assume that the ideal family is a patriarchal nuclear family, and that government policies and laws therefore favour this sort of family. On the other hand, the New Right argue that the benefit system undermines traditionalRead MoreSociological Views Of Government Policies And Laws On Family Life886 Words   |  4 Pages Assess sociological views of the impact of government policies and laws on family life. This essay will look at how social policies and laws affect families in a positively or negatively. Some of the key concepts that will be touched upon will be how functionalist agree that social policies are positive due to the march of progress getting better due to laws in place. The essay will also look at how it negatively affects families, such as how feminist think social policies promote patriarchy inRead MoreA Sociological Perspective On Homelessness1587 Words   |  7 Pageshomeless in a single night in America. The findings revealed that there were approximately 633,782 people who are homeless in America or 20 out of every 10,000. Approximately 394,379 are single individuals and 239,403 are people in families with 77,157 homeless families in a single night, and approximately 162, 246 are children. Veterans are more likely to be homeless than those who are non-veterans, approximately 29 out of every 10,000 veterans are homeless. Unfortunately, 38 percent of those whoRead Mo reScly1 Past Papers7036 Words   |  29 PagesSCLY1 (Old Specification) Past Exam Questions Although June 2016 will be a new specification and exam structure much of the material you have learnt in families and households applies to the new exam. Below are examples of questions taken from the old exam papers that you should practice writing plans for as they are still relevant. However there are a few key differences: * The question you will answer will be worth 20 marks not 24 marks. * You will have 30 minutes to write a 20 mark answerRead MoreSociology : The Social Problem Of Poverty1251 Words   |  6 Pages and how it reflects their society. C. Wright Mills said that the sociological imagination is the ability to look beyond the personal troubles of people to see the public issues of social structure. Mills also believed that without a sociological imagination, individualistic bias makes people think that individuals are the source of trouble, when some of the worst problems are caused by social forces. You could use a sociological imagination to examine the social problem of poverty by looking atRead MoreResolving the Social Problem of Crime1313 Words   |  5 Pagesoffense against public law. Since it is a major social problem, crime has significant effects on victims, the society, and social institutions. Crime is a multi-faceted social problem because it involves personal responsibility as well as social, cultural, and political aspects that contrib ute to it. It is also a social problem that should be understood from a social context because it does not occur in a social vacuum. Due to the social nature of crime and its impact on the society, there areRead MoreThe Social Theory Of Sociology1476 Words   |  6 Pages(Cunningham Cunningham: 2008). Sociology examines the social causes, explains outcomes, concentrates on and clarifies matters in our own lives, our communities and the world. Sociology connects diverse subjects ranging from crime to religion, from family to state, from the divisions of race and social class to the mutual beliefs of society and culture to understand how human activity and consciousness is affected and moulded by encompassing cultures and social structures (Department of Sociology :Read MoreSociology5053 Words   |  21 Pagestraditional nuclear family in terms of an expressive role and an instrumental role. However, this traditional arrangement may have changed as families have changed, and many feminists use the term ‘dual burden’ to describe the woman’s role in the family today. Item 2B Government policies and laws include tax and benefit policies as well as legislation such as relating to divorce and marriage. Sociologists have different views on the impact of these policies and laws on families. For example, feministsRead MoreUsing Material from Item a and Elsewhere, Assess Sociological Explanations of Changes in the Status of Childhood (24 Marks)1212 Words   |  5 Pages Name: Essay Title: Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess sociological explanations of changes in the status of childhood (24 marks) | Underline or highlight the key concepts, terms and instructions, by identifying these key elements it will allow you to focus on answering the question. It is important to use relevant sociological terminology within the context of you essay. List the key sociological terms that will be appropriate for this essay. Privileged time, social constructRead MoreCriminology And Sociology : Criminology1296 Words   |  6 Pagescomplex issues of crime and criminality to find its underlying causes. To do this criminology primarily aims to achieve answers as to why crime occurs; who is committing said crimes and how society as a whole will respond to crime with regards to policy changes and its place in the media (Australian Institute of Criminology: 2015). Sociology is the scientific study of human social interactions in a societal context (Calhoun, 2002). As sociologists study anything human related they can examine anything

The Role of Women in The 1920s Essay - 1497 Words

Up until the 1920s, women’s struggle for their right to vote seemed to be a futile one. They had been fighting for their suffrage for a long time, starting numerous womens rights movements and abolitionist activists groups to achieve their goal. â€Å"The campaign for women’s suffrage began in earnest in the decades before the Civil War. During the 1820s and 30s, most states had enfranchised almost all white males (â€Å"The Fight for Womens Suffrage† ). This sparked women to play a more emphatic role in society. They began to participate in anti-slavery organizations, religious movements, and even meetings where they discussed that when the Constitution states that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain†¦show more content†¦This new generation of activists fought with this new agenda for almost 20 years until a few states in the West began to extend the vote to women. The Eastern and Southern states still refuse d to give in, but this didn’t stop the National American Woman Suffrage Association. In 1916, Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the NAWSA, worked vigorously to get women’s organizations from all over the country together and fight side by side. â€Å"One group of activists, led by Alice Paul and her National Woman’s Party, lobbied for full quality for women under the law† (Divine). She used mass marches and hunger strikes as strategies, but she was eventually forced to resign because of her insistence on the use of militant direct-action tactics (Grolier). Finally, during World War 1, women were given more opportunities to work, and were able to show that they were just as deserving as men when it came to the right to vote. On August 18th, 1920, the 19th amendment was ratified, allowing women to vote. This drawn-out and arduous battle opened a new window of opportunity for women all over the country. Significant changes in both social life and job avail ability began to create what is now referred to as the â€Å"new women.† The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† was a time where women felt more self-confident about themselves. They felt as though they could dress and act however they wanted. The termShow MoreRelatedChange of Attitudes Toward the Role and Status of Women During the 1920s and 1930s540 Words   |  3 PagesAttitudes Toward the Role and Status of Women During the 1920s and 1930s At the beginning of the 1920s all women over 30 and all women property owners over the age of 21 had been enfranchised by the Representation of the Peoples Act that was passed by the government in 1918. This act paved the way for the major change in the role and status of women that occurred during the nineteen twenties and thirties. Political change came first for British Women with new legislations Read MoreWomen Of The 1920 S 19391305 Words   |  6 PagesWomen of the 1920’s-1939 The 1920’s was an era of dramatic political and cultural change, where many Americans lived in cities rather than farms. Many inventors came to be noticed as new cars were invented and as music entered the entertainment industry. A new style of music was invented mainly in the African American community, creating the Harlem Renaissance; which was an evolution of music and entertainment in Harlem, New York City. The women of America began to evolve in the 1920s, addingRead MoreChanging Roles Of Women During The 1920s1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s had a big impact on American life all around; however, one of the biggest changes during this time period was in the roles of women. During this time period, women started dressing different, leaving the house, getting jobs, and gaining rights. On top of all of that, they had a bigger role in education, they began taking parts in politics, and divorce became more of a common thing. This may not seem like a big deal to people today, but this was very important at the time. Prior, women hadRead MoreImprovement of the Position of American Women by the End of 1920s839 Words   |  4 PagesImprovement of the Position of American Women by the End of 1920s I believe that the following statement the position of all women in the USA had improved by the end of the 1920s is not true because only a small percentage of womens lives changed, these were usually the upper or middle class and those who lived in the cities. I intend to prove my beliefs in the following paragraphs by evaluating the different aspects of their lifes, work, home, society and clothingRead More1920s Fashion Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pages1920s Fashion In the 1920s, fashion trends were the shorter low-waisted dresses and revealing styles worn by flappers. With their short-bobbed hairstyles and cloche hats, down to scarves and stocking with bold. The 1920s fashion strikes the design era for fashion by having change in the women’s fashion. The fashion changed and characterized the women in the 1920s, as they called it the roaring twenties the women started gaining their free rights and independence. Fashion for women had a positiveRead MoreWomen s Roles During The Great Depression1413 Words   |  6 Pageswhite women’s social roles change from the 1920s to the Great Depression when employment and income decreased nationwide? A. Plan of Investigation The Great Depression devastated the United States, and remains the worst depression ever experienced by the nation. During the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† when the economy was thriving in the United States, women took the opportunity to improve their social statuses through enlightenment, but as this period came to an end women’s social roles began to change againRead MoreHow Women Are Portrayed in F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby1636 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Great Gatsby hedonism, consumerism and materialism plays a huge part in the portrayal of women. Alongside with this comes the American Dream. Before the 1920’s the American dream was based on equality, however a different dream was developed during the 1920’s that contradicted this idea of equality as instead they strived to be rich. Fitzgerald presents women to be victims of this dream and channels this through Myrtle. She is a key character as she shows who suffers from the American dreamRead Mo reThe Role Of Fashion During The 1920 S974 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920’s was a time of great change.   (Some changes that happened during 1920s were the nation s wealth doubled, more americans lived in the cities, advancements in technology, and women being able to vote.) One big change that occurred during the 1920’s social shift was the fashion industry. Fashion is something that reflects the beliefs and social standards of that time. This industry, along with others, had an immense boom during the 1920s. The evolution of fashion during this decade is describedRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald shows women/sexuality by showing gender roles and how the upper class women were more conservative than the lower class, he portrays this through Daisy and Myrtle. Woman and sexuality in the 1920’s were very set in stone, people never thought society s normalities would change. The though t of women back then was that they were feminine and conservative. Social classes really affected the way people and especially women were treated. Fitzgerald portrays these ideasRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1920 S1706 Words   |  7 PagesAt the beginning of the 1920’s, the United States was beginning to recover the economy now that World War I was over. During this decade, America became the richest nation in the world. The 1920’s, also referred to as the roaring twenties, was a period of dramatic and social change. More Americans during this era lived in the city rather than on a farm. The nation’s wealth doubled throughout the roaring twenties, and lead the Stock Market Crash of 1929 where the Great Depression followed after this

Becoming A High School Football Coach - 1710 Words

My goal is to one day become a high school football coach in northeast Iowa, but I will have to take certain steps and achieve some things before I will reach my goal. The first step will be finishing off my college career as a successful quarterback for the Upper Iowa football team. This will give me the credibility I need for different high schools to look at me to as a potential coach. I will also need to graduate from college with good grades to show my future employers I’m not just a football player, but also someone who values their studies as well. I would like to find a coaching position that will provide me with a great experience and help me to grow as a coach. Whether this coaching position is paid or volunteer, I would like it to be with a successful school that has a history of winning and treating everyone around the organization with respect no matter where they come from. In 2015 there were around 500 high schools in the state of Iowa. Within those 500 schools I would like to focus on the northeast part of the state, east of highway 35 and north of highway 20. In this jurisdiction there are roughly 50 schools that have high school football teams that spark my interest. I am seeking a school that competes in the 1A to 3A size range and have a rich history of winning not only in the regular season but also the post season. My competitors would be other potential coaches from not only northeast Iowa but potentially all over the state. These competitors couldShow MoreRelatedAs a child I grew up playing football, and I†™ve always had a passion for the game. After playing my1300 Words   |  6 Pagesplaying football, and I’ve always had a passion for the game. After playing my final down, I knew that my days with the sport were not over. Football is a sport that molds boys into men. My dream is to become a football coach. My coaches had a very strong impact on my life and helped me evolve into the person I am today. By becoming a football coach I will have the ability to make an impact on my player’s life like my coaches did with mine. My biggest inspiration in becoming a football coach is LouRead MoreEssay on Coach Bowden955 Words   |  4 Pageslifelong love for football at an early age. As a young child he would often climb onto the roof of his house and sit for hours watching the local high school team run practice drills. Bobby played football while a student at Woodlawn High School in Birmingham, Alabama and again in college, first at the University of Alabama and then at Ho ward College (now Samford University). Bobby’s coaching career began in 1954 as an assistant coach at Howard College. After working as an assistant coach at Howard forRead MoreThe Little Pee Wee Of Me1180 Words   |  5 PagesPee Wee in Me It was that time of the year again, football season. Football is a sport in which I am very passionate about, I never knew I could or would be so passionate towards something, until one very specific game. It was a Saturday afternoon, the breeze was just right, the temperature was just right; not to cold and not too hot. Being the first game of the season I didn’t know if I was going to play or not. However, I was proven wrong Coach Smith hollered â€Å"Shawn!† I stood up startled at firstRead MoreThe Classic Remember The Titans By Boaz Yakin1092 Words   |  5 Pagesrivalry and leadership. The film is based on a true story about a ruthless high school American football team named ‘The Titans.’ It was set in the American Confederate state, Virginia during 1971†¦ A year which spawned the ruling out of the colour based school segregation system in Virginia and a year which spawned the beginning of a new era of racism, hate and separation for its inha bitants. 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Lady Gaga free essay sample

The audience and music community were appalled by his actions, which eventually led to West pulling out of the scheduled our with Gaga to go on a hiatus from the music industry. Carter and Sagas team were faced with three options, Option #1 would be to continue with the arena tour but go at it alone. This would come with the greatest risk, but the potential for the greatest reward. Option #2 would be to develop a smaller theater tour- and adjust the economics accordingly. This would come with less risk, because the cost of the show would be less and the potential to sell out was high. But, to rework the tour would cost millions on top of the money already spent on the initial Fame Tour. Lastly, Option #3 would be to cancel any tour plans. This would be the easiest option, to prevent any additional loss to the $4 million already spent. Being young,beautiful and talented Lady Gaga will be around for quite a while. Lady Gaga free essay sample Lady Gaga whats up with her/ shes always wearing those wierd outfits and have you seen those dirty music videos? she needs help. shes allways making interesting catchy music but her lyrics are unbelivable!!! 🙠 she needs help!! Lady Gaga free essay sample â€Å"Gaga Gaga in the room† can be heard on â€Å"Starstruck†, one of the many tracks off of Lady Gaga’s debut album â€Å"The Fame†. She has always made her presence known and was always an entertainer. As a little girl, she would sing along on her mini plastic tape recorder to Michael Jackson and Cyndi Lauper hits. At age 4, she learned how to play piano by ear. By age 13, she had written her first piano ballad. She was signed by her 20th birthday and have written songs for artists such as the Pussycat Dolls. So with her writing songs for other artists, it is no surprise that she wrote all the songs on â€Å"The Fame†. â€Å"The Fame† has a mixture of different genres. When Lady Gaga ,22, was asked to describe her album she said â€Å" I marry a lot of different genres. It’s a bit retro, a bit glamorous, and you can dance to it. It’s very futuristic, very fresh, and very dramatic, sort of like theatrical pop†. Working mainly with producers Redone and Martin Kierszenbaum, â€Å"The Fame† is a well constructed dance album that is sure to get any party started. Just look at the lead single, â€Å"Just Dance†, produced by Akon and Redone and featuring Akon and Colby O’ Donis. It has lyrics that are easy to get stuck in your head and a beat that you can’t help but â€Å"Just Dance† to. Other up tempo tracks on the album leave the same effect. â€Å"Money Honey† shows her love of money and â€Å"Boys, Boys, Boys† shows her love of boys! She is very risque on â€Å" Love Game† and title track â€Å"The Fame† really shines. The song â€Å" The Fame† was also used as the theme song on the Australian version of â€Å"Make me a Supermodel†. â€Å"Paper Gangsta† and â€Å"Starstuck† gives the album it’s hip hop edge. â€Å"Starstruck† features Space Cowboy and â€Å"Elevator† rapper Flo Rida. Singles â€Å"Poker Face† and â€Å"Beautiful, Dirty, Rich† features sharp beats and very interesting lyrics. The mid tempo songs are â€Å"I Like it Rough† and â€Å"Paparazzi†. â€Å"Paparazzi† has lyrics like â€Å" follow you until you love me† and â€Å"I won’t stop until that boy is mine†. â€Å"Paparazzi† shows persistence aka stalker. The two slow songs â€Å"Eh, Eh (Nothing else to say) and â€Å"Brown Eyes† honestly should have been left off of the album and have been bonus tracks. All and all, â€Å"The Fame† is a solid album, The mid and up tempo tracks are hits and sadly the slow songs are a miss. The album is perfect for clubs and a good workout. Lady Gaga can be compared to the likes of Fergie, Gwen Stefani and Katy Perry. By this album it is totally understandable why everyone is going Gaga over Lady Gaga!

A Closer Look at Female Genital Mutation Essay Example

A Closer Look at Female Genital Mutation Paper In June 1997, the Board of I igration Appeals of the United States I igration and Naturalization Service (INS) granted political asylum to a nineteen-year-old woman from Togo who had fled her home to escape the practice of genital mutilation. 1 Fauziya Kassindja is the daughter of Muhammed Kassindja, a successful owner of a small trucking business in Kpalime. Her father opposed the ritual practice: He remembered his sisters screams during the rite and her suffering from a tetanus infection she developed afterwards. Hajia, his wife, recalled the death of her older sister from an infection associated with the rite; this tragedy led Hajias family to exempt her from cutting, and she, too, opposed the practice for her children. During his lifetime, Muha ed, being wealthy, was able to defy the tribal customs of the Tchamba-Kunsuntu, to which he belonged. Both illiterate themselves, the Kassindjas sent Fauziya to a boarding school in Ghana, so that she could learn English and help her father in his business. Meanwhile, her four older sisters married men of their own choice, genitals intact. Fauziyas family was thus an anomaly in the region. Rakia Idrissou, the local genital exciser, told a reporter that girls usually have the procedure between the ages of four and seven. If weak, they are held down by four women; if stronger, they require five women, one to sit on their chests and one for each arm and leg. They must be kept still, she said, because if they jerk suddenly the razor blade used for the surgery can cut too deep. We will write a custom essay sample on A Closer Look at Female Genital Mutation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Closer Look at Female Genital Mutation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Closer Look at Female Genital Mutation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Fauziya was fifteen, however, her father died. Her mother was summarily turned out of the house by hostile relatives, and an aunt took control of the household, ending Fauziyas education. We dont want girls to go to school too much, this aunt told a reporter from The New York Times. The family patriarch then arranged for Fauziya to become the fourth wife of an electrician; her prospective husband insisted that she have the genital operation first. To avoid the marriage and the mutilation hat would have preceded it, Fauziya decided to leave home; her mother gave her $3,000 of the $3,500 inheritance that was her only sustenance. On her wedding day, Fauziya left her aunts house, flagged down a taxi, and, with nothing but the clothes on her back, asked the driver to take her across the border into Ghana, some twenty miles away. Once in Ghana, she got on a flight to Germany; with help from people who befriended her there, she got a flight to the United States. On landing in Newark sh e confessed that her documents were false and asked for political asylum. After weeks of detention in an unsanitary and oppressive i igration prison, she got legal assistance—again with the help of her mother, who contacted a nephew who was working as a janitor in the Washington area. Scraping together $500, the nephew hired a law student at American University, Ms. Miller Bashir, to handle Fauziyas case. At first, Bashir was unsuccessful, and a Philadelphia immigration judge denied Fauziyas request for asylum. Through the determined efforts of activists, journalists, and law faculty at American University, she successfully appealed the denial. The appellate ruling stated that the practice of genital mutilation constitutes persecution and concluded: It remains particularly true that women have little legal recourse and may face threats to their freedom, threats or acts of physical violence, or social ostracization for refusing to undergo this harmful traditional practice, or attempting to protect their female children. In recent years, the practice of female genital mutilation has been increasingly in the news, generating a complex debate about cultural norms and the worth of sexual functioning. This chapter attempts to describe and to sort out some aspects of this controversy. First, however, a word about nomenclature. Although discussions sometimes use the terms female circumcision and clitoridectomy, female genital mutilation (FGM) is the standard generic term for all these procedures in the medical literature. Clitoridectomy standardly designates a suategory, described shortly. The term female circumcision has been rejected by international medical practitioners because it suggests the fallacious analogy to male circumcision, which is enerally believed to have either no effect or a positive effect on physical health and sexual functioning. 2 Anatomically, the degree of cutting in the female operations described here is far more extensive. (The male equivalent of the clitoridectomy would be the amputation of most of the penis. The male equivalent of tnfibulation would be removal of the entire penis, its roots of soft tissue, and part of the scrotal skin. 3 ) This discuss ion is onfined to cases that involve substantial removal of tissue and/or functional impairment; I make no comment on purely symbolic procedures that involve no removal of tissue, and these are not included under the rubric female genital mutilation by international agencies that study the prevalence of the procedure. Three types of genital cutting are co only practiced: (i) In clitoridectomy, a part or the whole of the clitoris is amputated and the bleeding is stopped by pressure or a stitch. (2) In excision, both the clitoris and the inner lips are amputated. Bleeding is usually stopped by stitching, but the vagina is not covered. (3) In infibulation, the clitoris is removed, some or all of the labia minora are cut off, and incisions are made in the labia majora to create raw surface. These surfaces are either stitched together or held in contact until they heal as a hood of skin that covers the urethra and most of the vagina. 5 Approximately 85 % of women who undergo FGM have type i or type 2; infibulation, which accounts for only 15% of the total, nonetheless accounts for 80 to 90% of all operations in certain countries, for example, the Sudan, Somalia, and Djibouti. The practice of female genital mutilation remains extremely common in Africa, although it is illegal, and widely resisted, in most of the countries where it occurs. 6 The World Health Organization estimates that overall, in todays world between 85 and 115 million women have had such operations. In terms of percentages, for example, 93 % of women in Mali have undergone genital cutting, 98% in Somalia, 89% of women in the Sudan, 43 % in the Central African Republic, 43 % in the Ivory Coast, and 12% in Togo. 7 Smaller numbers of operations re now reported from countries such as Australia, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Female genital mutilation is linked to extensive and in some cases lifelong health problems. These include infection, hemorrhage, and abscess at the time of the operation; later difficulties in urination and menstruation; stones in the urethra and bladder due to repeated infections; excessive growth of scar tissue at the site, which may become disfiguring; pain during intercourse; infertility (with devastating implications for a womans other life chances); obstructed labor and damaging rips and tears during childbirth. Complications from infibulation are more severe than those from clitoridectomy and incision; nonetheless, the false perception that clitoridectomy is safe frequently leads to the ignoring of complications, Both in the implicated nations and outside, feminists have organized to demand the abolition of this practice, citing its health risks, its impact on sexual functioning, and the violations of dignity and choice associated with its compulsory and nonconsensual nature. These opponents have been joined by many authorities in their respective nations, both religious and secular. In Egypt, for example, both the Health Minister, Ismail Sallem, and the new head of Al Azhar, the nations leading Islamic institution, support a ban on the practice. The World Health Organization has advised health professionals not to participate in the practicesince 1982 and repeated its strong opposition in 1994; the practice has also been condemned by the U. N. Co ission on Human Rights, UNICEF, the World Medication Organization, Minority Rights Group International, and Amnesty International. 9 At the same time, however, other writers have begun to protest that the criticism of genital mutilation is inappropriate and ethnocentric, a demonizing of another culture when we have many reasons to find fault with our own. 10 They have also charged that the focus on this problem involves a Western glamorization tion of sexual pleasure that is inappropriate, especially when we judge other cultures with different moral norms. To encounter such positions we do not need to turn to scholarly debates, We find them in our undergraduate students, who are inclined to be ethical relativists on such matters, at least initially, hestitant to make any negative judgment of a culture other than their own- Because it seems important for anyone interested in political change in this area to understand these views in their popular and nonacademic form, I shall illustrate them from student writings I have encountered both in my own teaching and in my research for a book on liberal education, adding some points from the academic debate. 1 Many students, like some participants in the academic debate, are general cultural relativists, holding that it is always inappropriate to criticize the practices of another culture, and that cultures can appropriately be judged only by their own internal norms. That general position would indeed imply that it is wrong for Westerners to criticize female genital mutilation, but not for any reasons interestingly specific to genital mutilation itself. For that reason, and because I have already considered that family of views in chapter i, discussing the views of relativists in anthropology and development policy, I shall focus here on four criticisms that, while influenced by relativism, stop short of the general relativist thesis: (1) It is morally wrong to criticize the practices of another culture unless one is prepared to be similarly critical of comparable practices when they occur in ones own culture. Thus, a typical student reaction is to criticize the ethnocentrism of a stance that holds that ones own culture is the benchmark for the principles and practices that are appropriate for all people. ) 12 (2) It is morally wrong to criticize the practices of another culture unless ones own culture has eradicated all evils of a comparable kind. 13 (Thus, a typical undergraduate paper co ents that criticism of genital mutilation is unacceptable when one considers the domestic problems we are faced with in our own cultures. ) (3) Female genital mutilation is morally on a par with practices of dieting and body shaping in American culture. (I observed quite a few courses in which this comparison played a central role, and the comparison has often been suggested by my own students. In a similar vein, philosopher Yael Tamir writes that Western conceptions of female beauty encourage women to undergo a wide range of painful, medically unnecessary, and potentially damaging processes. 14 ) 4) Female genital mutilation involves the loss of a capacity that may not be especially central to the lives in question, and one to which Westerners attach disproportionate significance. Thus references to clitoridectomy commonly reveal a patronizing attitude toward women, suggesting that they are primarily sexual beings. 15 These are significant charges, which should be confronted. Feminist argument should not be condescending to women in developing countries who have their own views of what is good. Such condescension is all the more damaging when it comes from women who are reluctant to criticize the flaws in their own culture, for then it is reminiscent of the worst smugness of white mans burden colonialism. Our students are surely right to think that withholding ones own judgment until one has listened carefully to the experiences of members of the culture in question is a crucial part of intelligent deliberation. On the other hand, the prevalence of a practice, and the fact that even today many women endorse and perpetuate it, should not be taken as the final word, given that there also many women in African cultures who struggle against it, and given that those who do perpetuate it may do so in background conditions of intimidation and economic and political inequality. How, then, should we respond to these very common charges? The first thesis is true, and it is useful to be reminded of it. Americans have all too often criticized other cultures without examining their own cultural shortcomings. It is less clear, however, that lack of self-criticism is a grave problem for Americans on such issues. We find no shortage of criticism of the ideal female body image, or of practices of dieting intended to produce it. Indeed, American feminists would appear to have devoted considerably more attention to these American problems than to genital mutilation, to judge from the success of books such as Naomi Wolfs The Beauty Myth and Susan Bordos Unbearable Weight. Indeed, a review of the recent feminist literature suggests the problem may lie in exactly the opposite direction, in an excessive focusing on our own failings. We indulge in moral narcissim when we flagellate ourselves for our own errors while neglecting to a end to the needs of those who ask our help from a distance. The second thesis is surely false. It is wrong to insist on cleaning up ones own house before responding to urgent calls from outside. Should we have said Hands off Apartheid, on the grounds that racism persists in the United States ? Or, during the Second World War, Hands off the rescue of the Jews/ on the grounds that in the 19303 and 19405 every nation that contained Jews was implicated in anti-Semitic practices? It is and should be di icult to decide how to allocate ones moral effort between local and distant abuses. To work against both is urgently important, and individuals will legitimately make di erent decisions abouttheir priorities. But the fact that a needy human being happens to live in Togo rather than Idaho does not make her less my fellow, less deserving of my moral commitment. And to fail to recognize the plight of a fellow human being because we are busy moving our own culture to greater moral heights seems the very height of moral obtuseness and parochialism. We could add that FGM is not as such the practice of a single culture or group of cultures. As recently as in the 19405, related operations were performed by U. S. and British doctors to treat female problems such as masturbation and lesbianism. 16 Nor is there any cultural or religious group in which the practice is universal. As Nahid Toubia puts it, FGM is an issue that concerns women and men who believe in equality, dignity and fairness to all human beings, regardless of gender, race, religion or ethnic identity. . . It represents a human tragedy and must not be used to set Africans against non-Africans, one religious group against another, or even women against men. 17 If the third thesis were true, it might support a decision to give priority to the local in our political action (though not necessarily speech and writing): If two abuses are morally the same and we have better local information about one and are better placed politically to do something about it, that one seems to be a sensible choice to focus on in our actions here and now. But is the third thesis true? Surely not. Let us enumerate the differences. 1. Female genital mutilation is carried out by force, whereas dieting in response to culturally constructed images of beauty is a matter of choice, however seductive the persuasion. Few mothers restrict their childrens dietary intake to unhealthy levels in order to make them slim; indeed most mothers of anorexic girls are ho ified and deeply grieved by their daughters condition. By contrast, during FGM small girls, frequently as young as four or five, are held down by force, often, as in Togo, by a group of adult women, and have no chance to select an alternative. The choices involved in dieting are often not fully autonomous: They may be the product of misinformation and strong social forces that put pressure on women to make choice, sometimes dangerous ones, that they would not make otherwise. We should criticize these pressures and the absence of full autonomy created by them. And yet the distinction between social pressure and physical force should also remain salient, both morally and legally. (Similarly, the line between seduction and rape is di icult to draw; frequently it turns on the elusive distinction between a threat and an offer, and on equally difficult questions about what threatened harms remove consent. ) Nonetheless, we should make the distinction as best we can, and recognize that there remain relevant differences between genital mutilation and dieting, as usually practiced in America. . Female genital mutilation is irreversible, whereas dieting is, famously, far from irreversible. 3. Female genital mutilation is usually performed in conditions that in and of themselves are dangerous and unsanitary, conditions to which no child should be exposed; dieting is not. 4. Female genital mutilation is linked to extensive and in some cases lifelong health problems, even death. (In Kassindjas region, deaths are rationalized by the folk wisdom that pr ofuse bleeding is a sign that a girl is not a virgin. Dieting is linked to problems of this gravity only in the extreme cases of anorexia and bulimia, which, even, then, are reversible. 5. Female genital mutilation is usually performed on children far too young to consent even were consent solicited; dieting involves, above all, adolescents and young adults. 18 Even when children are older, consent is not solicited. Typical is the statement of an Ivory Coast father of a twelve-year-old girl about to be cut. She has no choice, he stated. I decide. Her viewpoint is not important. His wife, who personally opposes the practice, concurs: It is up to my husband, she states. The man makes the decisions about the children. 19 6. In the United States, as many women as men complete primary education, and more women than men complete secondary education; adult literacy is 99% for both females and males. In Togo, adult female literacy is 32. 9% (52% that of men); in the Sudan, 30. 6% (56% tha t of men); in the Ivory Coast, 26. 1% (56%); in Burkina Faso, 8% (29%). Illiteracy is an impediment to independence; other impediments are supplied by economic dependency and lack of employment opportunities. These facts suggest limits to he notions of consent and choice, even as applied to the mothers or relatives who perform the operation, who may not be aware of the extent of resistance to the practice in their own and relevantly similar societies. To these limits we may add those imposed by political powerlessness, malnutrition, and intimidation. The wife of the patriarch in Fauziya Kassindjas clan told a reporter that she is opposed to the practice and would have run away like Fauziya had she been able—but nonetheless, she will allow the operation for her infant daughter. I have to do what my husband says, she concludes. It is not for women to give an order. I feel what happened to my body. I remember my suffering. But I cannot prevent it for my daughter. 7. Female geni tal mutilation means the irreversible loss of the capability for a type of sexual functioning that many women value highly, usually at an age when they are far too young to know what value it has or does not have in their own life. In the rare case in which a woman can make the comparison, she usually reports profound regret. Mariam Razak, a neighbor of the Kassindjas, was fifteen when she was cut, with five adult women holding her down. She had had sex with the man who is now her husband prior to that time and found it satisfying. Now, they both say, things are difficult. Mariam compares the loss to having a terminal illness that lasts a lifetime. Now, her husband says, something was lost in that place. . . . I try to make her feel pleasure, but it doesnt work very well. 20 8. Female genital mutilation is unambiguously linked to customs of male domination. Even its official rationales, in terms of purity and propriety, point to aspects of sex hierarchy. Typical is the statement of Egyptian farmer Said Ibrahim, upset about the government ban: Am I supposed to stand around while my daughter chases men ? To which Mohammed Ali, age seventeen, added, Ba ing it would make women wild like those in America. Sex relations constructed by the practice are relations in which intercourse becomes a vehicle for one-sided male pleasure rather than for mutuality of pleasure. 21 By contrast, the ideal female body image purveyed in the American media has multiple and complex resonances, including those of male domination, but also including those of physical fitness, independence, and boyish nonmaternity. These differences help explain why there is no serious campaign to make ads for diet programs, or the pictures of emaciated women in Vogue, illegal, whereas FGM is illegal in most of the countries in which it occurs. 22 (In the Sudan, the practice is punishable by up to two years imprisonment. Such laws are not well enforced, but their existence is evidence of a widespread movement against the practice in the countries implicated. Women in local regions where the practice is traditional give evidence of acquiescing, insofar as they do, out of intimidation and iack of options; women in adjacent regions where the practice is not traditional typically deplore it, citing health risks, loss of pleasure, and unnecessary suffering. 23 These differences also explain why Fauziya Kassindja was able to win political asylum. We shall not see similar arguments for political asylum for American women who have been pressured by the culture to be thin—however much it remains appropriate to criticize the norms of female beauty displayed in Vogue (as some advertisers have begun to do), the practices of some mothers, and the many covert pressures that combine to produce eating disorders in our society. Similarly, whereas the prospect of footbinding of the traditional Chinese type (in which the bones of the feet were repeatedly broken and the flesh of the foot became rotten 4 ) would, in my view, give grounds for political asylum; the presence of advertisements for high-heeled shoes surely would not, however many problems may be associated with the fashion. Even the publication of articles urging women to undergo FGM should be seen as altogether different from forcing a woman to undergo the procedure. How, then, is FGM traditionally justified, when it is? In social terms, it is highly likely that FGM emer ged as the functional equivalent to the seclusion of women. African women, unlike their counterparts in India, Pakistan, and elsewhere, are major agricultural producers. There is no barrier to womens workoutside the home, and indeed the entire organization of agriculture in Africa traditionally rests on the centrality of female labor. 25 In India, womens purity is traditionally guaranteed by seclusion; in Africa, this guarantee was absent, and another form of control emerged. But this functional history clearly does not justify the practice. What arguments are currently available? It is now generally agreed that there is no religious requirement to perform FGM. The prophet Mohammeds most cited statement about the practice (from a reply to a question during a speech) makes the process nonessential, and the force of his statement seems to have been to discourage extensive cutting in favor of a more symbolic type of operation. 26 The one reference to the operaation in the hadith classifies it as a makrama, or nonessential practice. FGM is not practiced at all in many Islamic countries, including Pakistan, Algeria, Tunisia, Saudia Arabia, Iran, and Iraq. Defenses appealing to morality (FGM keeps women from extramarital sex) have resonance because they connect with the practices likely original rationale, but they presuppose an unacceptable picture of women as whorish and childish. However sincerely such arguments are addressed, they should not be accepted by people with an interest in womens dignity. Defenses in terms of physical beauty are trickier, because we know how much cultures differ in what they regard as beautiful, but even perceptions of beauty (also at issue in Chinese footbinding) should yield before evidence of impairment of health and sexual functioning. Arguments claiming that without the practice women will not be acceptable to men may state something true in local circumstances (as was also the case with footbinding) and may therefore provide a rationale for individual families to defer to custom as the best of a bad business (although this is less true now than formerly, given the widespread resistance to the practice in most areas where it occurs). Such arguments, however, clearly cannot justify the practice in moral or legal terms; similarly, arguments advising slaves to behave themselves if they do not want to be beaten may give good advice but ca ot justify the institution of slavery. The strongest argument in favor of the practice is an argument that appeals to cultural continuity. Jomo Kenyatta and others have stressed the constitutive role played by such initiation rites in the formation of a community and the disintegrative effect of interference. 7 For this reason, Kenya a opposedcriminalization of the surgery and recommended a more gradual process of education and persuasion. Although one must have some sympathy with these concerns, it is still important to remember that a community is not a mysterious organic unity but a plurality of people standing in different relations of power to one another. It is not obvious that the type of cohesion that is effected by subordination and functional impairment is something we oug ht to perpetuate. Moreover, sixty years after Kenyattas ambivalent defense, we see widespread evidence of resistance from within each culture, and there is reason to think that the practice is kept alive above all by the excisers themselves, paramedical workers who enjoy both high income and high prestige in the community from their occupation. These women frequently have the status of priestesses and have great influence over social perceptions. 28 Countries that move against the practice should certainly make provision for the economic security of these women, but this does not mean taking them as unbiased interpreters of cultural tradition. To the extent that an initiation ritual is still held to be a valuable source of cultural solidarity, such rituals can surely be practiced (as they already are in some places) using a merely symbolic operation that does not remove any tissue. Let me now turn to the fourth thesis. A secondary theme in recent feminist debates about FGM is skepticism about the human value of sexual functioning. Philosopher Yael Tamir, for example, argues that hedonistic American feminists have ascribed too much value to pleasure. She suggests that it is men, above all, whose interests are being served by this, because female sexual enjoyment in our society is seen as a measure of the sexual power and achievements of men, and because men find women who do not enjoy sex more intimidating than those who do. I am prepared to agree with Tamir to this extent: The a ention given FGM a seems to me somewhat disproportionate, among the many gross abuses the world practices against women: unequal nutrition and health care, lack of the right toassemble and to walk in public, lack of equality under the law, lack of equal access to education, sex-selective infanticide and feticide, domestic violence, marital rape, rape in police custody, and many more. Unlike Tamir, I believe that the primary reason for this focus is not a fascination with sex but the relative trac-tability of FGM as a practical problem, given the fact that it is already widely resisted and indeed illegal, and given that it is not supported by any religion. How much harder to grapple with womens legal inequality before Islamic courts, their pervasive hunger, their illiteracy, their subjection to battery and violence. But surely Tamir is right that we should not focus on this one abuse while relaxing our determination to make structural changes that will ring women closer to full equality worldwide. And she may also be right to suggest that the fasci-nation with FGM contains at least an element of the sensational or even the prurient. Tamir, however, does not simply criticize the disproportionate focus on FGM: She offers a more general denigration of the importance of sexual pleasure as an element in human flourishing. This part of her argument is flawed by the fail ure to make a crucial distinction: that between a function and the capacity to choose that function. Criticizing her opponents for their alleged belief that the capacity for sexual pleasure is a central human good, she writes: Nuns take an oath of celibacy, but we do not usually condemn the church for preventing its clergy from enjoying an active sex life. Moreover, most of us do not think that Mother Teresa is leading a worse life than Chichulina, though the latter claims to have experienced an extensive number of orgasms- It is true that nuns are offered spiritual life in exchange for earthly goods, but in the societies where clitoridectomy is performed, the fulfilling life of motherhood and child bearing are offered in exchange. Some may rightly claim that one can function as a wife and a mother while still experiencing sexual pleasures. Others believe that full devotion to God does not require an oath of celibacy. Yet these views are, after ali, a ma er of convention. 29 There are a number of oddities in this argument. (It is hard, for example, to know what to make of the assertion that the possibility of combining sexual pleasure with motherhood is a mere matter of convention. } More centrally, however, Tamir mischaracterizes the debate. No feminist opponent of FGM is saying or implying that celibacy is bad, that nuns all have a starved life, that orgasms are the be-all and end-all of existence. I know of no opponent who would not agree with Tamirs statement that women are not merely sexual agents, that their ability to lead rich and rewarding lives does not depend solely on the nature of their sex life. But there is a great difference between fasting and starving; just so, there is also a great difference between a vow of celibacy and FGM. Celibacy involves the choice not to exercise a capability to which nuns, insofar as they are orthodox Roman Catholics, ascribe considerable human value. 30 Its active exercise is thought good for all but a few of those humans, and even for them it is the choice not to use a capacity one has {as in the case of fasting) that is deemed morally valuable. (A Catholic should hold that a survivor of FGM cannot achieve the Christian good of celibacy. FGM, by contrast, involves forgoing altogether the very possibility of sexual functioning—and, as I said, well before one is of an age to make such a choice. 31 We all know that people who are blind or unable to walk can lead rich and meaningful lives; nonetheless, we would all deplore practices that deliberately disabled people in those respects, nor would we think that critics of those practices are giving walking or seeing undue importance in human life. Can even the mothers of these girls make an informed choice as to the value of fem ale sexual pleasure? They have been i ersed in traditional beliefs about womens impurity; lacking literacy and education, as a large proportion do, they have difficulty seeking out alternative paradigms. As the immigration report points out, their situation is made more difficult by fear and powerlessness. Equally important, their own experience of sexual life cannot have contained orgasmic pleasure if they themselves encountered FGM as girls; even if they did not, they are highly likely to have experienced marriage and sexual life as a series of insults to their dignity, given the ubiquity of domestic violence and marital rape. Should they believe that FGM is a bad thing for their daughters— as a remarkable proportion of the women interviewed in the recent stories clearly do— they have no power to make their choices effective and many incentives to conceal the views they hold. Such facts do not show that women who have had a more fortunate experience of marriage and sexuality are making a mistake when they hold that the capacity for sexual pleasure should be preserved for those who may choose to exercise it. There is certainly something wrong with any social situation in which women are viewed only or primarily as sex objects; but criticizing such perceptions has nothing to do with defending FGM. Nor does Tamir give us any reason to suppose that the importance of womens sexual leasure is a mythic construct of the male ego. Many women have reportedenjoying sex a good deal, and there is no reason to think them all victims of false consciousness. It is probably true that some men find women who do not enjoy sex more intimidating than those who do, but it would be more than a little perverse to deny oneself pleasure simply in order to intimidate men. Moreover, in the situation we are contemplating in the case of FGM, the operative male fear is surely that of womens sexual agency, which is a sign that the woman is not simply a possession and might even experience pleasure with someone other than her owner. It would be highly implausible to suggest that African women can gain power and intimidate men by undergoing FGM. The attack on FGM is part and parcel of a more general attempt by women to gain control of their sexual capacities; it is thus a relative of attacks on rape, marital rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence. It is precisely this challenge to traditional male control that many men find threatening. In the concluding section of her discussion of FGM, Yael Tamir imagines a country called Libidia, where women with u aturally enlarged clitorises find they cannot do anything else but have sex and therefore seek to remove the clitoris in order to have better lives. In this way she suggests that sexual pleasure undermines other valuable human functions—so one might plausibly deem its removal a helpful thing, rather like a trip to the dentist to get rid of a diseased tooth. She here expresses a Platonic idea about the relation between continence and intellectual creativity that may be true for some individuals at some times but is surely not a universal datum of human experience. Plato did indeed hold in the Phaedo that mental life would be much better if the bodily appetites could be put to one side insofar as possible—though even he did not maintain this position with absolute consistency, nor did he suggest genital mutilation as a remedy. 32 Aristotle, on the other hand, held that someone who was insensible to the full range of the bodily pleasures would be far from being a human being. We do not need to decide which thinker is right—or indeed for which people each of them is right—to decide sensibly that FGM is not like n a endectomy— that it involves the removal of a capability for whose value history and experience have had a great deal to say. Individuals may then choose whether and how to exercise it, just as we also choose whether and how to use our athletic and musical capacities. Internal criticism is slowly changing the situation in the nations in which FGM has traditionally been practiced. The eighteen-year-old son of the patriarch of the Kassindja family told reporters that he wanted to marry a woman who had not been cut, because teachers in his high school had influenced his thinking. The patriarch himself now favors making the practice optional, to discourage more runaways who give the family a bad name. The very fact that the age of cutting in Togo has been moving steadily down (from twelve to four), in order (the exciser says) to discourage runaways, gives evidence of mounting resistance to the practice. But many of the women and men in the relevant nations who are struggling against this practice are impoverished or unequal under the law or illiterate or powerless or in fear—and often all of these. There is no doubt that they wish outside aid. There is also no doubt that they encounter local opposition—as is always the case when one moves to change a deeply entrenched custom connected with the structures of power, (As I have suggested, some of the people involved have strong personal economic and status interests in the status quo. ) Suzanne Aho, director of Togos Office for the Protection and Promotion of the Family, explains that she tries to counsel men about womens rights of choice, but she encounters the dead weight of custom. Of the Kassindja patriarch she says: You cannot force her/ I told him. He understood, but he said it is a tradition. These upholders of tradition are eager, often, to brand their internal oppo- nents as Westernizers, colonialists, and any other bad thing that may carry public sentiment. Even so, Fauziyas father was accused of trying to act like a white man. But this way of deflecting internal criticism should not intimidate outsiders who have reasoned the matter out, at the same time listening to the narratives of women who have been involved in the reality of FGM. The charge of colonialism presumably means that the norms of an oppressor group are being unthinkingly assimilated, usually to curry favor with that group. That is not at all what is happening in the case of FGM. In the United Nations, in Human Rights Watch, in many organizations throughout the world, and in countless local villages the issue has been debated. Even the not very progressive I igration and Naturalization Service (INS) has been swayed by the data it collected. The vigor of internal resistance should give confidence to those outside who work to oppose the practice. Frequently external pressure can assist a relatively powerless internal group that is struggling to achieve change. In short, international and national officials who have been culpably slow to recognize gender-specific abuses as human rights violations are beginning to get the idea that womens rights are human rights, and that freedom from FGM is among them. Without abandoning a broader concern for the whole list of abuses women suffer at the hands of unjust customs and individuals, we should continue to keep FGM on the list of unacceptable practices that violate womens human rights, and we should be ashamed of ourselves if we do not use whatever privilege and power has come our way to make it disappear forever.

Free Essays on Mayan Culture, And Religion

Religion was Mayan culture and, Mayan culture was religion. That sentence may sound somewhat familiar to some people, and it’s a fact too. Mayan culture was formed mostly by their religion. â€Å"Religion was the center of Mayan life†. Everything that had to do with everyday life dealt with religion in Mayan culture. An example of this is when the Mayans built these great phenomenons of structural design. They built enormous pyramids, temples, and plazas. Thousands of people came and gathered at these places to celebrate for special religious festivals and ceremonies. Everybody did it; it’s nothing like the present day. There isn’t a gigantic structure in the middle of a modern day town where people come and celebrate their religion and culture. Now people get to choose their religion, and the way they live. Mayans also built crafts, pottery and sacred objects to provide for their beliefs and practices. On these craft and other objects they printed images on them, so people would have a sort of reminder of the beliefs and culture. In the present day a person just doesn’t see a cup, or bowl with a picture of Jesus, Buddha, or Ganesha printed on it. It just goes to show you how much the Mayan religion shaped and effected their culture. People’s roles in the community also showed how religion shaped culture, in the Mayan civilization. For example the Mayan kings were also spiritual leaders. As amusing it may sound to some people, you just don’t see George Bush saying mass at your local church, or at any church. Their kings were to teach people the way of their religion, and the appropriate ways to behave for gods. These Mayan kings also took part in many rituals. They helped conduct rituals such as human sacrifices. These sacrifices were for the Mayans gods. This ceremony might just sound like a religious ordeal, but it wasn’t, it was everybody that was taking part and watching. In Mayan life, reli... Free Essays on Mayan Culture, And Religion Free Essays on Mayan Culture, And Religion Religion was Mayan culture and, Mayan culture was religion. That sentence may sound somewhat familiar to some people, and it’s a fact too. Mayan culture was formed mostly by their religion. â€Å"Religion was the center of Mayan life†. Everything that had to do with everyday life dealt with religion in Mayan culture. An example of this is when the Mayans built these great phenomenons of structural design. They built enormous pyramids, temples, and plazas. Thousands of people came and gathered at these places to celebrate for special religious festivals and ceremonies. Everybody did it; it’s nothing like the present day. There isn’t a gigantic structure in the middle of a modern day town where people come and celebrate their religion and culture. Now people get to choose their religion, and the way they live. Mayans also built crafts, pottery and sacred objects to provide for their beliefs and practices. On these craft and other objects they printed images on them, so people would have a sort of reminder of the beliefs and culture. In the present day a person just doesn’t see a cup, or bowl with a picture of Jesus, Buddha, or Ganesha printed on it. It just goes to show you how much the Mayan religion shaped and effected their culture. People’s roles in the community also showed how religion shaped culture, in the Mayan civilization. For example the Mayan kings were also spiritual leaders. As amusing it may sound to some people, you just don’t see George Bush saying mass at your local church, or at any church. Their kings were to teach people the way of their religion, and the appropriate ways to behave for gods. These Mayan kings also took part in many rituals. They helped conduct rituals such as human sacrifices. These sacrifices were for the Mayans gods. This ceremony might just sound like a religious ordeal, but it wasn’t, it was everybody that was taking part and watching. In Mayan life, reli...

Study of Belt Drive Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Study of Belt Drive - Lab Report Example Though gears are more efficient, they can only work with fixed gear ratios. Various in case of belts they can work with continuously varying sizes of the pulleys, thus enabling usage at all levels. Belts are used in applications in the kitchen grinders to cars. While belts can transmit power, they are generally considered inefficient because of the slip between the pulley and the belt. This also results in ineffective transmission ratio and hence the speed. The slip of a belt depends on the coefficient of friction between the two, the shape of the belt and the torque transmitted. Belts used can be flat belts which are supposed to have a higher slip compared the vee belts. Originally, belts were made of leather and rubber but today a number of synthetic materials and steel based belts are available that reduce the wear and tear. The relationship between the tensions in the slipping pulley is studied and recorded by Grosjean1 and Fawcett and Burdes2 using the apparatus shown in the figure 1. The details are shown in the calculations below: 1. The motor voltage is set at 10V and the angle of contact between the pulley and the string is made 90 degrees. The pulley direction is maintained such that the weight tension is more than the spring tension at the spring balance end. The theoretical values and the experimental values do not tally. ... 3. Apparatus The experiment has the following apparatus in place as shown in figure 1. 1. There is a variable speed DC electric motor driving pulley of a fixed radius. 2. The pulley has on one end a series of weights which is variable from 0 N to 10 N. 3. On the other end, the string running over the pulley supports a spring balance which helps in measuring the tension on the other side. 4. The angle of contact between the pulley and the string can be set to four different values 5. The motor voltage and current is measured using digital meters and the rotational speed of the pulley is measured using a digital tachometer. 4. Procedure The following procedure is followed during the experiment: 1. The motor voltage is set at 10V and the angle of contact between the pulley and the string is made 90 degrees. The pulley direction is maintained such that the weight tension is more than the spring tension at the spring balance end. 2. Load T2 is varied by hanging a range of weights on the string. For each weight the string tension along the spring balance is measured and recorded. 3. The load is varied until the motor stalls and the red current control light starts flickering. 4. This operation is repeated for various string contact angles of 180, 270 and 360 degrees. 5. For one contact angle alone, in addition to measuring the tensions, the pulley speed, the voltages and the current at the motor end are also measured and recorded. 5. Results The results of the above experiment are recorded below: Belt Drive Results 90degrees T2 T1 Voltage (V) Current (A) Motor Speed (rpm) Motor Speed

Project Scope, Time, Cost, and Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Scope, Time, Cost, and Quality - Essay Example In level one of the maturity model, the processes are ad hoc and chaotic. The project is completed and results are obtained but the success is not repeatable since much is attributed to the skills of the resources involved. Also often the project exceeds limits of time and budget and critical processes are overlooked to get the work done. To move from this level to the next, definite practices need to be put in place and the company should only accept projects that can be executed within its infrastructure. In level two, some project management practices are in place and hence the results are repeatable. Also processes are adhered to even when time is critical and results are documented for future use. Process discipline and project specific standards helps in this level, but to move on to the next level, organization-wide fixed standards are essential, and they allow for project specific versions as a deviation. Requirement Management, Project Planning, Tracking and Oversight, Quali ty Assurance and Configuration Management are introduced at a project specific level.In maturity level three, the process is now tailored for every aspect of the project. The measuring tools, standards and methodology are in place and the management has knowledge of the project status at all times. The key feature is that there is consistency in the processes and project quality is assured. To move on to the next level, statistical analysis will go a long way to predict performances accurately. Level 2 Quality management and processes are defined and managed at an organization level instead of at a project level. PMMM Level 4 Managed In maturity level four, the measurements of the project management processes are very well defined and precise: statistical techniques are employed for even the sub processes as they are considered to impact the overall performance. The processes are maintained even when modifications are needed due to project uniqueness. The projects can now be quantitatively predicted as compared to the qualitative predictions in level three. Software Quality Management and Quality Process Management are introduced at this level. PMMM Level 5 Optimized In maturity level five, continuous self-improvement processes are

Descartes - First Meditation Essay Example for Free

Descartes First Meditation Essay In the First Meditation, Descartes presents his philosophical project, and he claims that, in order to complete this project, he needs to put into questions the truth of all his beliefs. Descartes shows that we can doubt of the truth of all our beliefs by two main arguments, the Dream Argument and the Evil Genius argument. In the Dream Argument, Descartes discusses the senses and how it can deceive. Descartes then mentions that when he is dreaming he can also sense real objects, or at least feels he can, causing him not be able to distinguish between being asleep and being awake. This is shown in the quote from the First Meditation, â€Å"I see so plainly that there are no definitive signs by which to distinguish being awake from being asleep. As a result, I am becoming quite dizzy, and this dizziness nearly convinces me that I am asleep† (19, Mediation One). Descartes also discusses the possibility of the universal dream, mentioning that his whole life could in fact be a dream with no actual world that you are awake. Descartes mentions that dream images are images that we already experience in our waking life, they are images that we already know of. The images don’t necessarily have to be something we have seen before because it can be parts of real things we already know that create another image we have not yet seen or experienced. The dream argument that Descartes represents interprets the message that the senses are not always reliable, and we can easily be fooled by them, therefore, we should not rely on our senses to base all of our beliefs on. Now moving on to Descartes second argument, the Evil Genius argument, it implies that everything we think we know is in fact not true and we cannot rely on our senses. In The First Meditation, Descartes presents that God is good, therefore he would not fool the beings he creates into believing false things. If someone were to believe in this suggestion then he would know that he can’t be fooled by anything. This is shown in Descartes quote â€Å"But perhaps God has not willed that I be deceived in this way, for he is said to be supremely good. Nonetheless, if it were repugnant to his goodness to have created me such that I be deceived all the time, it would also seem foreign to that same goodness to permit me to be deceived even occasionally† (21 Meditation One). On the other hand, Descartes mentions that there are some people who believe there is no God, if this is the point of view to be taken then there would be a very big likelihood in us being deceived. The reason for this theory is due to the argument Descartes presents that if there is no good our senses would not be perfect since it would not have been created by a perfect being, such as God. This is shown in Descartes quote, â€Å"But because being deceived and being mistaken appear to be a certain imperfection, the less powerful they take the author of my origin to be, the more probable it will be that I am so imperfect that I am always deceived† (21 Mediation One). In the end of the First Meditation, Descartes sees it as impossible to stop from thinking about these theories, he then tries to believe that his opinions are not true. Descartes does this for the reason to be able to keep thinking as normal without disruptions. Descartes mentions this in his quote, â€Å"Hence, it seems to me I would do well to deceive myself by turning my will in completely the opposite directions and pretend for a time that these opinions are wholly false and imaginary† (22 Meditation One). Descartes then concludes that an evil genius has set out to deceive him so everything he thinks he knows is not true, â€Å"I will not suppose a supremely good God, the source of truth, but rather an evil genius, supremely powerful and clever, who has directed his entire effort at deceiving me† (22 Mediation One). With Descartes doubting all his beliefs he makes sure that he is not led to believe in what is not real by the so called â€Å"evil genius† he mentions in the First Meditation. In regards to the question, does Descartes appear to be a sceptic? I would have to say no, the reason I say this is although Descartes does appear to be a sceptic in all his arguments, he demonstrates theories to all his doubts. When Descartes represents a reason for his doubt this cannot be viewed a scepticism anymore as scepticism as defined is the philosophical position according to which knowledge is impossible. Descartes represents knowledge on each topic he doubts, as to why it should be doubted and for what reasons. Descartes does not constantly doubt everything for no reason, a sceptic doubts everything around them for no reason whatsoever. To prove this argument I suggested we can look at the First Meditation when Descartes denies the thought that he might be insane, which is shown in his quote, â€Å"Unless perhaps I were to liken myself to the insane, but such people are mad, and I would appear no less mad, were I to take their behavior as an example for myself† (19 Meditation One). In this quote it proves that all the doubts Descartes is making in the First Meditation are logical, and provide reason. Descartes is not just doubting for the sake of doubting, but for logic that causes this doubt he is experiencing. This concludes that Descartes is not a sceptic, and his arguments in fact to continue to grow, while maintaining logical reason behind them.